Irregular, unauthorized, or undocumented workers are persons who are employed without legal authorization to work. No one knows exactly how many irregular foreigners and workers are in European Union (EU) Member S...

Recruitment or migration costs are worker-paid fees and expenses incurred to obtain jobs in other countries. Many migrant workers pay several months foreign earnings to get jobs, prompting efforts to measure and r...

An increased need for effective migration governance has fueled an interest in building indices to measure and compare countries’ immigration policies. So far, there is no index that allows researchers to systemat...